※ 引述《neiltsang (楚留香雞排)》之銘言：
: 痾 來問個有沒有歷史王R
: 之前看到獅王之路 講說獅子集團靠合作打天下ㄉ故事
: 突然覺得很奇妙 野外那麼多動物體型超大
: 長頸鹿可以一千公斤欸 襙 好大!!
: 那些動物他們又會跑 又會打鬥 人類的奧運對他們來說就是笑話
: 為什麼所謂智慧能夠打敗他們啊 其實很奇怪ㄅ?
: 就因為人類有語言?就因為人類的手比較靈活?因為我們的腦比較發達?
: 每次想到我們建立文化跟社會 一座一座大樓跟文字語言 還有傳播資訊
: 就覺得這根本是宇宙奇蹟吧....
: 文化對於食物鏈的頂端地位有這麼了不起的作用喔 很難想像ㄟ
: 有沒有演化學家還是什麼歷史王 八卦板達爾文來解釋一下??
: 人類爭霸的關鍵點是什麼?槍枝?
花惹幾秒搜尋 很快就看到答案:
答案是
"合作"
"非常多數群體的合作"
"建構信任(共同價值)的合作"
Why humans run the world | Yuval Noah Harari
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzj7Wg4DAbs
很棒的演講 很有趣 也才剛好 17分鐘 聽完了
大致做一點簡單翻譯的分享~~輕鬆翻 隨便翻就不要太挑剔惹 給有興趣知道
"為什麼人類可以勝出"ㄉ人來參考
70,000 years ago humans were insignificant animals. The most important thing to
know about prehistoric humans is that they were unimportant. Their impact on
the world was very small, less than that of jellyfish, woodpeckers or
bumblebees.
要知道70000年前啊
史前人類的重要性 影響力低到靠北 比水母 啄木鳥 大黃蜂都還爛
Today, however, humans control this planet. How did we reach from there to here
? What was our secret of success, that turned us from insignificant apes
minding their own business in a corner of Africa, into the rulers of the world?
現在人類掌管整個地球 人類是怎麼從Africa的角落發源 到可以統治全世界的?
We often look for the difference between us and other animals on the individual
level. We want to believe that there is something special about the human body
or human brain that makes each individual human vastly superior to a dog, or a
pig, or a chimpanzee. But the fact is that one-on-one, humans are
embarrassingly similar to chimpanzees. If you place me and a chimpanzee
together on a lone island, to see who survives better, I would definitely place
my bets on the chimp.
我們常覺得是結構上人類優於其他生物 例如腦子 身體
相信是這些讓我們的"個體"優於狗狗或豬 或猩猩 而事實上要是玩一對一的個體比較
人類跟猩猩的相似程度會讓人尷尬 如果你把猩猩跟人類丟到孤島 觀察誰較擅於生存
我百分之百會押注猩猩(幽默XD~)
The real difference between us and other animals is on the collective level.
Humans control the world because we are the only animal that can cooperate
flexibly in large numbers. Ants and bees can also work together in large
numbers, but they do so in a very rigid way. If a beehive is facing a new
threat or a new opportunity, the bees cannot reinvent their social system
overnight in order to cope better. They cannot, for example, execute the queen
and establish a republic. Wolves and chimpanzees cooperate far more flexibly
than ants, but they can do so only with small numbers of intimately known
individuals. Among wolves and chimps, cooperation is based on personal
acquaintance. If I am a chimp and I want to cooperate with you, I must know you
personally: What kind of chimp are you? Are you a nice chimp? Are you an evil
chimp? How can I cooperate with you if I don’t know you?
其實人類與其他生物真正的差異 在於群體
我們能夠掌握世界是因為我們是唯一有大量群體 能夠彈性合作的能力
螞蟻跟蜜蜂都可以大量的合作 可是就不夠彈性 他們太死板了
如果蜂窩有什麼威脅或新的機會
蜜蜂他們沒有辦法快速的改變社會的系統 去面對新情況
舉例來說 他們沒辦法對蜂后處以死刑或是建立共和國
野狼跟猩猩在合作上能擁有的彈性比較大 但是合作數量太少了 而且要很熟識
他們的合作基礎建立在個體之間親近度上
如果我今天是要跟你合作的猩猩 我必須要知道你的個性:"你是哪種猩猩呢?"
"好猩猩還是邪惡壞猩猩?"
如果我根本不認識你 要怎麼跟你合作?
Only Homo sapiens can cooperate in extremely flexible ways with countless
numbers of strangers. One-on-one or ten-on-ten, chimpanzees may be better than
us. But pit 1,000 Sapiens against 1,000 chimps, and the Sapiens will win easily
, for the simple reason that 1,000 chimps can never cooperate effectively. Put
100,000 chimps in Wall Street or Yankee Stadium, and you’ll get chaos. Put 100
,000 humans there, and you’ll get trade networks and sports contests.
人類是唯一能夠大量而且彈性合作的物種 以個體對個體 或是10對10來看的話
猩猩可能還是優於人類 但是對上1000個數量時 人類要獲勝就會輕而易舉
很簡單的原因 是因為猩猩們將會無法有效的合作:
如果有100,000個猩猩在華爾街 或是 洋基體育場 絕對會是一片混亂
然而若是100,000個人類的話 你會得到交易網絡 還有運動比賽
Cooperation is not always nice, of course. All the terrible things humans have
been doing throughout history are also the product of mass cooperation. Prisons
, slaughterhouses and concentration camps are also systems of mass cooperation.
Chimpanzees don’t have prisons, slaughterhouses or concentration camps.
當然合作不是一直都很良好的 歷史上很多壞事也是透過群體大量合作產生的
監獄 屠宰場 集中營 這些系統都是大量合作
猩猩們沒有這些東西
Yet how come humans alone of all the animals are capable of cooperating
flexibly in large numbers, be it in order to play, to trade or to slaughter?
The answer is our imagination. We can cooperate with numerous strangers because
we can invent fictional stories, spread them around, and convince millions of
strangers to believe in them. As long as everybody believes in the same
fictions, we all obey the same laws, and can thereby cooperate effectively.
但是人們要怎麼在大量群體中能夠跟其他人彈性的合作 以至於玩樂 交易 屠宰?
答案是想像力!
我們可以跟大量陌生人合作 是因為我們創造了虛構的故事 散播那些故事
說服所有陌生人相信那些故事 只要所有人類都接受同一個虛構的內容
我們就能夠服從相同的規定 因此能夠有效的合作
This is something only humans can do. You can never convince a chimpanzee to
give you a banana by promising that after he dies, he will go to Chimpanzee
Heaven and there receive countless bananas for his good deeds. No chimp will
ever believe such a story. Only humans believe such stories. This is why we
rule the world, whereas chimps are locked up in zoos and research laboratories.
這就是人類才能夠辦到的事 你不可能說服猩猩給你香蕉
僅藉由跟他承諾說 你死掉以後 你會上猩猩天堂 在那邊會有超多香蕉這種美事
沒有猩猩會相信這個故事 只有人類才會相信這種內容(有點諷刺宗教XD~)
這就是為什麼人類能夠掌管世界 而猩猩被鎖在動物園裡跟實驗室中
It is relatively easy to accept that religious networks of cooperation are
based on fictional stories. People build a cathedral together or go on crusade
together because they believe the same stories about God and Heaven. But the
same is true of all other types of large-scale human cooperation. Take for
example our legal systems. Today, most legal systems are based on a belief in
human rights. But human rights are a fiction, just like God and Heaven. In
reality, humans have no rights, just as chimps or wolves have no rights. Cut
open a human, and you won’t find there any rights. The only place where human
rights exist is in the stories we invent and tell one another. Human rights may
be a very attractive story, but it is only a story.
宗教性的網絡合作是建立在虛構的故事上 這是相對容易的理解的
人類會群聚建築大教堂或是會有十字軍東征 都是因為他們相信神與天堂的虛構故事
但這原則同樣在人類其他種類的大量合作中也成立
就以法律系統來說 今天大多數的法律系統都是建築在人權上
但是人權是虛構的東西 就跟上帝還有天堂沒有兩樣
在現實中 人類根本沒有人權這種東西 就像猩猩跟野狼也沒有權力一樣
剖開人類的腦子 你不會找到人權這種東西
人權只存在於我們發明然後散播的故事中 也許它是個很吸引人的故事
但也只是個故事而已
The same mechanism is at work in politics. Like gods and human rights, nations
are fictions. A mountain is something real. You can see it, touch it, smell it.
But the United States or Israel are not a physical reality. You cannot see
them, touch them or smell them. They are just stories that humans invented and
then became extremely attached to.
政治上也是一樣的機制 就像上帝跟人權 國家也是虛構的
山是真的 你可以看到 摸到 甚至聞到 但是美國或是以色列在物理現實不存在
你無法看到他們 也無法觸摸與聞到 它們就只是人類創造的故事
被大量群體連繫起來
It is the same with economic networks of cooperation. Take a dollar bill, for
example. It has no value in itself. You cannot eat it, drink it or wear it. But
now come along some master storytellers like the Chair of the Federal Reserve
and the President of the United States, and convince us to believe that this
green piece of paper is worth five bananas. As long as millions of people
believe this story, that green piece of paper really is worth five bananas. I
can now go to the supermarket, hand a worthless piece of paper to a complete
stranger whom I have never met before, and get real bananas in return. Try
doing that with a chimpanzee.
經濟網絡的連繫也是一樣的 拿鈔票來舉例 本身鈔票沒有價值
你無法吃它 喝它 或是穿它 但是我們有很好的故事家 像是美聯儲(Fed)的主席
還有美國的總統 他們說服所有人相信這綠色的紙能等值於五個香蕉
只要數以百萬的人相信這個故事 這張綠色的紙就能真的有價值
我現在能夠去超市 把這張本身沒意義的紙 遞給另一個我從來沒遇過的陌生人
得到五個香蕉作為回報 試著在猩猩中做這件事吧(辦不到~)
Indeed, money is probably the most successful fiction ever invented by humans.
Not all people believe in God, or in human rights, or in the United States of
America. But everybody believes in money, and everybody believes in the dollar
bill. Even Osama bin Laden. He hated American religion, American politics and
American culture — but he was quite fond of American dollars. He had no
objection to that story.
說實在話 錢應該是人類創造最成功的虛構故事 不是每個人都相信上帝
相信人權 或是美國這個國家 但是每一個人都相信錢的價值 每個人都相信鈔票
就連賓拉登也是 他痛恨美國的信仰 美國政治與美國文化 但是他很愛美鈔
連他都服從這個虛假的故事
To conclude, whereas all other animals live in an objective world of rivers,
trees and lions, we humans live in dual world. Yes, there are rivers, trees and
lions in our world. But on top of that objective reality, we have constructed
a second layer of make-believe reality, comprising fictional entities such as
the European Union, God, the dollar and human rights.
總結來說 其他動物都生活在真實世界中 像是河川 樹林 獅群
當然 河川 樹林 獅群也在人類的世界裡
但是除了客觀的現實 我們建構了第二層讓人相信的現實 構成虛構的實體
就像是歐盟 上帝 還有錢 以及人權
And as time passes, these fictional entities have become ever more powerful, so
that today they are the most powerful forces in the world. The very survival
of trees, rivers and animals now depends on the wishes and decisions of
fictional entities such as the United States and the World Bank — entities
that exist only in our own imagination.
隨著時間經過 這些虛構的實體越來越有影響力 到今天他們是最有力量的影響
那些存留的樹林 河川 還有動物們 現在需要依賴著虛構的實體的期望與決策
就像是美國 或是世界銀行 這些"實體"都只存在於人類的想像裡